Angus Kenny, Tapabrata Ray, Steffen Limmer, Hemant Singh, Tobias Rodemann, Markus Olhofer, "Hybridizing TPOT with Bayesian Optimization", GECCO 2023, pp. 502-510, 2023.

Tree-based pipeline optimization tool (TPOT) is used to automatically construct and optimize machine learning pipelines for classification or regression tasks. The pipelines are represented as trees comprising multiple data transformation and machine learning operators — each using discrete hyper-parameter spaces — and optimized with genetic programming. During the evolution process, TPOT evaluates numerous pipelines which can be challenging when computing budget is limited. In this study, we integrate TPOT with Bayesian Optimization (BO) to extend its ability to search across continuous hyper-parameter spaces, and attempt to improve its performance when there is a limited computational budget. Multiple hybrid variants are proposed and systematically evaluated, including (a) sequential/periodic use of BO and (b) use of discrete/continuous search spaces for BO. The performance of these variants is assessed using 6 data sets with up to 20 features and 20,000 samples. Furthermore, an adaptive variant was designed where the choice of whether to apply TPOT or BO is made automatically in each generation. While the variants did not produce results that are signifi cantly better than "standard" TPOT, the study uncovered important insights into the behavior and limitations of TPOT itself which is valuable in designing improved variants.