Benjamin Dittes and Christian Goerick, "A Language for Formal Design of Embedded Intelligence Research Systems", Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 2011.

The construction of complex artifacts of artificial intelligence requires large-scale system integration and collaboration. System architectures are a central issue to enable this process. To develop these, hypotheses must be formulated, validated and evolved. We therefore present Systematica 2D, a formalism suitable for both flexible description of hierarchical architecture concepts as well as functional design of the resulting system integration process. We motivate the approach and relate it to other formal descriptions by means of a new formalization measure. It consists of a set of criteria to evaluate how well a formalism supports the expression, construction and reuse of intelligent systems. Systematica 2D is compared with existing formalization languages under this measure and shown to have at least their level of expression. In addition, the system properties of incremental composition, partial testability and global deadlock-free operation are formally defined and proven in the formalism.