Till Steiner, Yaochu Jin, Bernhard Sendhoff, "A cellular model for the evolutionary development of lightweight material with an inner structure", Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO 2008), 2008.

We present a model of simulated evolutionary development on the basis of cells as building blocks for growth. In this model, cells grow and interact in a three-dimensional (3D) environment, where development is controlled by a simple genome. Using cell-cell interaction such as differential adhesion, cells sort and form complex arrangements. This developmental process is evolved using a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm to achieve lightweight and stable material with a complex inner structure.