@article {pub4210pub4390,
	title = {The Discomfort of Riding Shotgun {\textendash} Why Many People don{\textquoteright}t like to be Co-Driver},
	author = {Sandra Ittner AND Dominik M{\"u}hlbacher AND Thomas H Weisswange},
	year = {2020},
	month = {November},
	abstract = {Objective: This work investigates which conditions lead to co-driver discomfort aside from classical motion sickness, what characterizes uncomfortable situations and why these conditions lead to discomfort.
Background: The automobile is called a {\textquotedblleft}passenger vehicle{\textquotedblright} as its main purpose is the transportation of people. However, passengers in the car are rarely considered in automotive research and especially in research about driving discomfort. The few studies in this area focus on driver discomfort, on automated vehicles, and on interventions like driver assistant systems. A public survey showed hints that discomfort is also a relevant problem for co-drivers.
Methods: An online questionnaire with N = 119 participants and a detailed follow up interview study with N = 24 participants were conducted.
Results: The results of the online questionnaire show that co-driver discomfort is a widespread (88 \%) and common problem. Frequently mentioned reasons for discomfort are related to the driving style of the driver. Additionally, the results of the interviews indicate that the driving style is the only reason rated as very influential. Uncomfortable situations were often perceived as safety critical. Participants also felt exposed to these situations being a co-driver. A model for possible cognitive origins of discomfort in co-drivers is proposed based on the study results.
Conclusion: Co-driver discomfort, is a common problem, highlighting the relevance of further research on supporting co-drivers. The reported correlations with driving qualities and the extension of theories from the areas of stress and self-regulation can help to explain the origin of this discomfort. 
Application: The results provide a foundation for future design of interventions like human machine interfaces aiming at reducing co-driver discomfort.
},
	publisher = {Frontiers},
	journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
	volume = {11},
	number = {584309}
}