@article {pub3214,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}Please watch right{\textquotedblright} {\textendash} Evaluation of a speech-based on-demand assistance system for urban intersections},
	author = {Nadja Sch{\"o}mig AND Martin Ernst Heckmann AND Heiko Wersing AND Christian Maag AND Alexandra Neukum},
	year = {2018},
	month = {April},
	abstract = {A driving simulator study evaluated a speech-based driver assistance system for urban intersections (called AoD system) which supports the driver in monitoring and decision making. The system provides recommendations for suitable time gaps to enter the intersection based on the observation of crossing traffic. Following an {\quotedblbase}on-demand{\textquotedblleft}-concept, the driver activates the assistance only if support is desired.
In one drive, drivers used the AoD system in every situation they experienced to guarantee that every driver had the same exposure to the system when evaluating it. During another drive, drivers were free to decide if they would use the system or not. The experimental study compared the AoD system with driving manually and with driving supported by a more conventional visual-based system which was always active at intersections (system showing colored arrows in a simulated head-up display (HUD) to visualize the crossing traffic). This resulted in four drives the drivers had to perform. Every drive consisted of several intersections with varying traffic conditions. The drivers had to turn left at every intersection.
24 drivers took part in the study; one group with 14 middle-aged drivers and another group of ten high-aged drivers. Several questionnaires and online ratings were used to assess drivers{\textquoteright} acceptance, perceived usefulness, benefits and specific characteristics of both system variants. In addition, driving behaviour with regard to gap choice and driver{\textquoteright}s monitoring behaviour (using head tracking data) were analysed.
The results show that the AoD system reaches high acceptance ratings and is preferred compared to the visual, always active system. Using the speech modality for communication and the on-demand concept were both highly appreciated by the drivers. With regard to driving behaviour, the AoD system is comparably safe as manual driving while at the same time making driving easier by fascilitating the monitoring of vehicles waiting at an intersection.},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	journal = {Transportation Research F}
}